Recommended Nutrient Requirement that increases During Pregnancy

Recommended Nutrient Requirement that increases During Pregnancy

Nutrients	Requirements	Food Source
Calories Essential to supply energy for -    increased metabolic rate -    utilization of nutrients -    protein sparing so it can be used for -    Growth of fetus -    Development of structures required for pregnancy including placenta, amniotic fluid, and tissue growth.	300 calories/day above the prepregnancy daily requirement to maintain ideal body weight and meet energy requirement to activity level -    Begin increase in second trimester -    Use weight – gain pattern as an indication of adequacy of calorie intake. -    Failure to meet caloric requirements can lead to ketosis as fat and protein are used for energy; ketosis has been associated with fetal damage.	Caloric increase should reflect -    Foods of high nutrient value such as protein, complex carbohydrates (whole grains, vegetables, fruits) -    Variety of foods representing foods sources for the nutrients requiring during pregnancy -    No more than 30% fat
Protein Essential for: -    Fetal tissue growth -    Maternal tissue growth including uterus and breasts -    Development of essential pregnancy structures -    Formation of red blood cells and plasma proteins * Inadequate protein intake has been associated with onset of pregnancy induces hypertension (PIH)	60 mg/day or an increase of 10% above daily requirements for age group Adolescents have a higher protein requirement than mature women since adolescents must supply protein for their own growth as well as protein t meet the pregnancy requirement	Protein increase should reflect -    Lean meat, poultry, fish -    Eggs, cheese, milk -    Dried beans, lentils, nuts -    Whole grains * vegetarians must take note of the amino acid content of CHON foods consumed to ensure ingestion of sufficient quantities of all amino acids
Calcium-Phosphorous Essential for -          Growth and development of fetal skeleton and tooth buds -          Maintenance of mineralization of maternal bones and teeth -          Current research is : Demonstrating an association  between adequate calcium intake and the prevention of pregnancy induce hypertension	Calcium increases of -    1200 mg/day representing an increase of 50% above prepregnancy daily requirement. -    1600 mg/day is recommended for the adolescent. 10 mcg/day of vitamin D is required since it enhances absorption of both calcium and phosphorous	Calcium increases should reflect: -    dairy products : milk, yogurt, ice cream, cheese, egg yolk -    whole grains, tofu -    green leafy vegetables -    canned salmon & sardines w/ bones -    Ca fortified foods such as orange juice -    Vitamin D sources: fortified milk, margarine, egg yolk, butter, liver, seafood
Iron Essential for -    Expansion of blood volume and red blood cells formation -    Establishment of fetal iron stores for first few months of life	30 mg/day representing a doubling of the pregnant daily requirement -         Begin supplementation at 30- mg/day in second trimester, since diet alone is unable to meet pregnancy requirement -         60 – 120 mg/day along with copper and zinc supplementation for women who have low hemoglobin values prior to pregnancy or who have iron deficiency anemia.  -         70 mg/day of vitamin C which enhances iron absorption -         inadequate iron intake results in maternal effects – anemia depletion of iron stores, decreased energy and appetite, cardiac stress especially labor and  birth -         fetal effects decreased availability of oxygen thereby affecting fetal growth * iron deficiency anemia is the most common nutritional disorder of pregnancy.	Iron increases should reflect -          liver, red meat, fish, poultry, eggs -          enriched, whole grain cereals and breads -          dark green leafy vegetables, legumes -          nuts, dried fruits -          vitamin C sources: citrus fruits & juices, strawberries, cantaloupe, broccoli or cabbage, potatoes -          iron from food sources is more readily absorbed when served with foods high in vit C
Zinc Essential for * the formation of enzymes * maybe important in the prevention of congenital malformation of the fetus.	15mcg/day representing an increase of 3 mg/day over prepreganant daily requirements.	Zinc increases should reflect -          liver, meats -          shell fish -          eggs, milk, cheese -          whole grains, legumes, nuts
Folic Acid, Folacin, Folate Essential for -          formation of red blood cells and prevention of anemia -          DNA synthesis and cell formation; may play a role in the prevention of neutral tube defects (spina bifida), abortion, abruption placenta	400 mcg/day representing an increase of more then 2 times the daily prepregnant requirement. 300mcg/day supplement for women with low folate levels or dietary deficiency 4 servings of grains/day	Increases should reflect -          liver, kidney, lean beef, veal -          dark green leafy vegetables, broccoli, legumes. -          Whole grains, peanuts
Additional Requirements Minerals -          iodine -          Magnesium -          Selenium	175 mcg/day 320 mg/day 65 mcg/day	Increased requirements of pregnancy can easily be met with a balanced diet that meets the requirement for calories and includes food sources high in the other nutrients needed during pregnancy.
Vitamins E Thiamine Riborlavin Pyridoxine ( B6) B12 Niacin	10 mg/day 1.5 mg/day 1.6 mg/day 2.2 mg/day 2.2 mg day 17 mg/day	Vit stored in body. Taking it not needed – fat soluble vitamins. Hard to excrete.